10 Things to Know About Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition that affects many women of reproductive age, but it's often misunderstood or overlooked. Whether you’ve been diagnosed, suspect you may have it or want to learn more, here are 10 essential things to know.

1. PCOS is a hormonal imbalance

PCOS is caused by a hormonal imbalance, most often involving higher levels of androgens (sometimes called “male hormones”) and insulin resistance. These changes can disrupt ovulation, affect your menstrual cycle and alter how your body processes sugar, resulting in a range of symptoms. Doctors typically diagnose PCOS when at least two of the following are present:

• Irregular or missed periods
• Signs of high androgens such as acne or excess hair
• Polycystic ovaries visible on an ultrasound

2. It’s more common than you might think

PCOS affects an estimated one in 10 women of reproductive age, though many go undiagnosed for years. The symptoms can be mistaken for other health issues or dismissed as “normal” parts of aging or menstruation.

3. Symptoms vary

Not everyone with PCOS experiences the same symptoms. Common signs include:

• Irregular and infrequent periods
• Excess facial or body hair
• Persistent acne
• Pelvic pain
• Thinning hair or hair loss on the scalp
• Weight gain
• Headaches
• Difficulty getting pregnant
• Darkened skin patches
• Sleep issues
• Mood changes and depression

4. You may not have cysts with PCOS

Despite the name, polycystic ovary syndrome doesn't always mean the presence of ovarian cysts. When they do appear, these “cysts” are actually immature follicles that haven’t released an egg. They may show up on an ultrasound, but some people with PCOS never have them at all.

5. It can impact more than just reproductive health

PCOS is linked to several long-term health concerns, including:

• Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
• Sleep apnea
• Depression and anxiety
• High cholesterol
• Increased risk of endometrial cancer
• High blood pressure

Early diagnosis and management can help reduce these risks.

6. Weight struggles are common

Many people with PCOS struggle with weight gain or find it difficult to lose weight. That’s because insulin resistance, which is common with PCOS, affects how your body stores fat and uses energy. It’s a metabolic issue that can make weight management more challenging, even with healthy habits in place.

7. Treatment looks different for everyone

While there’s no cure for PCOS, there are many ways to manage it. Treatment plans are tailored to individual symptoms and may include:

• Hormonal birth control to regulate periods and reduce excess hair or acne
• Metformin to improve insulin sensitivity
• Fertility treatments if trying to conceive
• Lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and exercise

8. Mental health support is essential

PCOS doesn’t just affect your physical health. Many people report higher levels of depression, anxiety, low self-esteem or body image struggles. Mental health care is a vital—and often overlooked—part of managing PCOS.

9. You deserve to be heard

PCOS is often underdiagnosed, and many people spend years feeling dismissed or overlooked. If your concerns aren’t being taken seriously, trust yourself. Keep asking questions, and don’t hesitate to seek a second opinion—especially from a provider who specializes in women’s health or endocrinology. You deserve to be heard.

10. PCOS can be managed

Living with PCOS may feel overwhelming at times, but with the proper care and support, it is manageable. From lifestyle changes to medical treatments and emotional support, many people with PCOS go on to lead healthy, fulfilling lives. Managing PCOS takes patience, but with the right tools and support, you can feel better, and stay in control of your health.

If you’re experiencing symptoms of PCOS, talk to your primary care provider. Early support can make a meaningful difference in how you feel—now and in the future.